Cunoniaceae, nuevo registro de familia de plantas hospederas para los géneros altoandinos Penaincisalia y Micandra (Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini) / Cunoniaceae, new family food plant record for the high altitude Andean genera Penaincisalia and Micandra (Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini)

Resumen Orugas de dos especies altoandinas de Eumaeini (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) fueron halladas consumiendo hojas de Weinmannia crassifolia Ruiz & Pav., 1802 (Cunoniaceae). La colecta se realizó usando la técnica de colecta por golpeo. Esta familia de plantas es registrada por primera vez como planta alimenticia de los Eumaeini. Aunque no pudimos completar la crianza, las especies de Lycaenidae fueron identificadas mediante sus códigos de barra de ADN. Las orugas de Penaincisalia purpurea (K. Johnson, 1992) y Micandra dignota (Draudt, 1919) se describen e ilustran por primera vez. También se presentan datos sobre su ecología y relaciones con especies similares. Una tercera especie, registrada en estadio pupal en la misma planta de W. crassifolia fue un Nymphalidae, Perisama diotima (Hewitson, 1852).

Abstract Caterpillars of two Andean species of Eumaeini (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) were found eating leaves of Weinmannia crassifolia Ruiz & Pav., 1802 (Cunoniaceae). They were collected by "beating" the leaves. This plant family is reported for the first time as a food plant for Eumaeini. Although it was not possible to rear the caterpillars to the adult stage, we identified them using DNA barcodes. The caterpillars of Penaincisalia purpurea (K. Johnson, 1992) and Micandra dignota (Draudt, 1919) are described and illustrated for the first time. Data on their ecology and relationships with similar species are also presented. A third species collected on the same plant of W. crassifolia in the pupal stage was a Nymphalidae, Perisama diotima (Hewitson, 1852).

Caracterización del subsistema de plagas en mora sin espina (rubus glaucus benth) en el departamento de Risaralda / Characterization of the subsystem pests of the thornless blackberry (rubus glaucus benth) in the department of Risaralda

Objetivo. Por medio del modelo de taller participativo se realizó la caracterización del subsistema de plagas de mora sin espina en el departamento de Risaralda con agricultores de las diferentes asociaciones. Metodología. Se utilizó el análisis multivariado, empleando la técnica de correspondencias múltiples para variables categóricas a fin de hallar los clústers de productores; posteriormente, una prueba Chi-cuadrado comparó los resultados de cada clúster y verificó las diferencias significativas que podían existir dentro de los mismos. Resultados y conclusión. Con base en la presencia de insectos por cada etapa fenológica del cultivo se encontraron cinco clústers de agricultores. Los moricultores del departamento reportaron como organismos presentes en el sistema productivo insectos de las familias Thripidae, Chrysomelidae, Melolonthidae y Aphididae, y de las especies Atta sp., Hepialus sp., Monalonion sp., Prodiplosis sp., Eurhizococcus colombianus, y moluscos como babosas (Orden: Pulmonata); sin embargo, los trips y el barrenador de tallo (Hepialus sp.) fueron los insectos fitófagos más prevalentes. Asimismo, una prueba Chi-cuadrado determinó que, según la percepción del agricultor, los trips son los insectos más prevalentes durante todas las etapas fenológicas del cultivo.

Objective: Using the participatory workshop model, the characterization of the non-thorn blackberry subsystem pests was carried out in the Department of Risaralda with farmers from the different associations. Methodology: Multivariate analysis was used, using the multiple correspondence technique for categorical variables to find producer clusters. Subsequently, a Chi-square test compared the results of each cluster and verified the significant differences that could exist within them. Results and conclusion: Based on the presence of insects for each phenological stage of the crop, five farmer clusters were found. Blackberry growers of the Department reported insects of the families Thripidae, Chrysomelidae, Melolonthidae and Aphididae, and of the species Atta sp., Hepialus sp., Monalonion sp., Prodiplosis sp.,, Eurhizococcus colombianus, and mollusks as slugs (Order: Pulmonata), as organisms present in the productive system. However, thrips and the stem borers (Hepialus sp.) were the most prevalent phytophagous insects. Likewise, a Chi-square test determined that, according to the farmer's perception, thrips are the most prevalent insects during all the phenological stages of the crop.

Preferência do pulgão preto Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) por genótipos de feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) / Preference of black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by genotypes of cowpea bean

Devido à importância do feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) como fonte primária de alimento, foram desenvolvidos estudos em Aquidauana, MS, visando a detecção e seleção de genótipos menos preferidos para infestação e colonização pelo pulgão preto Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Aphididae) em condições de campo. Foram semeados 20 genótipos de porte ereto e semi-ereto em abril e outubro de 2009, utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados. A partir da primeira semana após a germinação iniciaram-se as avaliações, verificando-se o número de adultos e colônias presentes de A. craccivora nos genótipos, sendo avaliada a porcentagem de germinação das plantas infestadas aos 30 dias. No experimento conduzido em abril e maio, verificou-se que os genótipos MNC99-537F-1 e BRS Guariba, apresentaram as menores quantidades de colônias e porcentagens de infestações, respectivamente com 6,58 e 6,18% de plantas infestadas. Não foi observada correlação entre quantidade de tricomas com as quantidades e infestações de A. craccivora. Os genótipos MNC99-537F-1 e BRS Guariba semeados em abril apresentaram características menos adequadas ao pulgão, podendo ser indicados como material genético a ser melhor estudado para diminuição de danos causados por essa praga.

Due to the importance of the cowpea beans Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae) as a food primary source, studies were conducted in Aquidauana, MS, aiming to detect and selection of genotypes less preferred for infestation and colonization by black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Aphididae), in field conditions. Twenty cowpea beans genotypes of upright and semi-erect were sown in April and October of 2009, using a randomized block design into plots. From the first week after germination was began assessments about the number of adults and colonies present in the genotypes. Thirty days after germination was evaluated the percentage of plants infested. In the experiment conducted in April and May, the genotypes MNC99-537F-1 and BRS Guariba had lower amounts of colonies and percentage of infestation, with 6.58 and 6.18% of infested plants, respectively. There was not a correlation between number of trichomes with quantities and infestations of A. craccivora. The genotypes MNC99-537F-1 and BRS Guariba sown in April showed less suitable characteristics to aphids and may be indicated like genetic materials for studies to decrease the damage caused by this pest.

Thrips species (Thysanoptera, Terebrantia) inhabiting irrigated rice and surrounding habitats in Cachoeirinha, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Espécies de tripes (Thysanoptera, Terebrantia) habitantes do arroz irrigado e habitats adjacentes em Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

In Brazil, almost nothing is known about the thrips fauna associated with rice crops. This is especially true for Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), the major rice producer in Brazil, where no systematic surveys have been conducted. Thus, this work records preliminarily the species of suborder Terebrantia inhabitanting irrigated rice (RC) and three nearby habitats: the area selected for rice, before cultivation (BR), grassland (GR) and forest border (FB) in Cachoeirinha, RS (50º58'21"W; 29º55'30"S). Eight field trips were carried out between October/2004 and February/2005 to Estação Experimental do Arroz in Cachoeirinha. Thrips specimens were collected with sweeping net and transported to laboratory for identification. A total of 623 adults terebrantians were recorded, belonging to two families and 18 species. Frankliniella rodeos (55.5 percent), Neohydatothrips cf. paraensis (30.3 percent) and Frankliniella schultzei (5.6 percent), were the most abundant, comprising more than 90 percent of the individuals. FB showed the highest species richness (S=15), followed by GR (S=10), RC (S=9) and BR (S=6). FB presented a low number of individuals (14.0 percent), contrasting with GR (44.8 percent) and BR (36.7 percent). In general, thrips abundance in RC was low at EEA (4.5 percent), and few species seems to effectively use rice as a host-plant. Two species previously considered of economic importance were found, F. rodeos and F. schultzei, the latter a new record for rice in Brazil. Five species are new records to RS.

No Brasil, pouco se sabe a respeito da fauna de tripes associada à cultura do arroz. Isto é especialmente válido para o Rio Grande do Sul (RS), o maior produtor de arroz do país, onde nenhum levantamento sistemático tem sido realizado. Visando suprir tal lacuna, este estudo registra preliminarmente as espécies da subordem Terebrantia habitantes do arroz irrigado (RC) e de três habitats vizinhos: área antes do plantio do arroz (BR), campo (GR) e borda de mata (FB) em Cachoeirinha, RS (50º58'21"W; 29º55'30"S). Foram realizadas oito saídas de campo entre outubro de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005 para a Estação Experimental do Arroz em Cachoeirinha. Os tripes foram coletados através de varredura e levados até o laboratório para identificação. Foram amostrados 623 Terebrantia adultos, pertencendo a duas famílias e 18 espécies. Frankliniella rodeos (55,5 por cento), Neohydatothrips cf. paraensis (30,3 por cento) e Frankliniella schultzei (5,6 por cento), foram as espécies mais abundantes, perfazendo mais de 90 por cento da amostra. FB apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies (S=15), seguida por GR (S=10), RC (S=9) e BR (S=6). FB apresentou um baixo número de indivíduos (14,0 por cento), contrastando com GR (44,8 por cento) e BR (36,7 por cento). No geral, a abundância de tripes em RC na área de estudo foi baixa (4,5 por cento), e provavelmente poucas espécies usam efetivamente o arroz como hospedeira. Foram coletadas duas espécies de importância econômica, F. rodeos and F. schultzei, sendo esta última um novo registro para o arroz no Brasil. Cinco espécies são novos registros para o RS.

The effects of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on the arthropod fauna of wheat fields in Chile

The role of carabid beetles in reducing populations of phytophagous insects has been an elusive subject. A field experiment was established on a commercial wheat crop (cv. Otto) with an area of 4.5 ha in Valdivia, Chile, during the spring and summer of 1996-1997. The field had been under a prairie system for two years, before wheat sowing (fertilization and a pesticide had been applied during crop development). Samples were taken at approximately monthly intervals. Carabid beetles were sampled with a grid of pitfall traps and other insects were sampled with a vacuum insect net and soil cores. The genera of the carabids found are of neotropical origin. Exclusion by polythene barriers, together with removal of carabid beetles using traps, was an effective technique for controlling carabid populations in a commercial wheat crop. A reduction in the number of carabid beetles was associated with an increase in the number of springtails and arachnids, and a decrease of agromyzid adults. Phytophagous insects, such as homopterans and lepidopterous larvae, were not affected by carabid exclusion and removal. The action of carabid beetles on the arthropod fauna can be extremely complex, due to its predatory activity at multitrophic levels.